Kewenangan Pemerintah Daerah Bidang Pertanahan di Era Otonomi Daerah

Since the reformation era, the government made the revolution in government administration to develop Indonesia. One of the revolutions is the issuance of Law no. 32 of 2004 on Regional Government; the authority of land is one of the law components. Previously, the authority of land is centered in the central government. Conversely, through the Article 10 paragraph (3) of Law No. 32 of 2004 on regional autonomy, the authority of the land sector should be submitted to the local government for its more understanding about the land nowadays. The transfer of authority is one of development step in Law aspect in Indonesia. Sejak era reformasi bergulir, pemerintah melakukan revolusi dibidang administrasi pemerintahan guna memajukan Negara Indonesia. Salah satu revolusi yang terjadi adalah dengan dikeluarkannya Undang-undang No. 32 Tahun 2004 tentang Pemerintahan Daerah, antara lain dibidang pertanahan. Semula kewenangan bidang pertanahan ini urusannya berada di pemerintah pusat. Namun di era reformasi ini melalui Pasal 10 ayat (3) UU No. 32 tahun 2004 tentang otonomi daerah, kewenangan bidang pertanahan sudah seharusnya diserahkan kepada pemerintah daerah yang lebih mengetahui kondisi pertanahan tersebut. Pengalihan kewenangan tersebut merupakan salah satu bentuk dari langkah pembangunan di bidang hukum di Indonesia

Implementasi Program Prona Bagi Masyarakat Ekonomi Lemah

The importance of land certificate as legal protection for land owners invites the attention of policy makers in this country. The policy which is issued by the government is to issue mass certifying program on land based on the Decree of Ministry of internal affair Number 189 year 1981 0n Agrarian National Operation Project (PRONA) implementing by National Defence Board as its duty. Basically, the program is implemented annually through some steps and processes, preparation, coordination/determination of Land Rights, right registration, certificate issuance and delivery of certificates. Obstacles which are faced by the District Land Office or City in implementing the program are in particular aspects such as society as the member of the program, the staff and financial aspect of the program itself. Pentingnya sertifikat hak atas tanah sebagai perlindungan hukum bagi pemilik tanah mengundang perhatian para pemilik kebijakan di negeri ini. Kebijakan yang di keluarkan pemerintah salah satunya dengan mengeluarkan program pensertipikatan tanah secara massal berdasarkan Keputusan Menteri Dalam Negeri Nomor 189 Tahun 1981 tentang Proyek Operasi Nasional Agraria (PRONA) yang pelaksananya Badan Pertanahan Nasional sebagaimana tugasnya. Pada dasarnya pelaksanaan Program Prona dilakukan secara rutin tiap tahun melalui tahapan atau proses, persiapan, koordinasi/penetapan peserta PRONA, penyuluhan, pengukuran, pengumpulan data, pengumuman, penetapan Hak Atas Tanah, pembukuan hak, penerbitan sertipikat, dan penyerahan sertifikat. Kendala-Kendala yang dihadapi oleh Kantor Pertanahan kabupaten atau Kota dalam mengimplementasikan program PRONA adalah terjadi dibeberapa aspek yaitu: aspek masyarakat peserta PRONA

Energy Efficiency Prediction using Artificial Neural Network

Buildings energy consumption is growing gradually and put away around 40% of total energy use. Predicting heating and cooling loads of a building in the initial phase of the design to find out optimal solutions amongst different designs is very important, as ell as in the operating phase after the building has been finished for efficient energy. In this study, an artificial neural network model was designed and developed for predicting heating and cooling loads of a building based on a dataset for building energy performance. The main factors for input variables are: relative compactness, roof area, overall height, surface area, glazing are a, wall area, glazing area distribution of a building, orientation, and the output variables: heating and cooling loads of the building. The dataset used for training are the data published in the literature for various 768 residential buildings. The model was trained and validated, most important factors affecting heating load and cooling load are identified, and the accuracy for the validation was 99.60%

Determinants of Interest Spread in Pakistan

Interest spread of Pakistan s banking industry has been on the rise for the last two years. The increase in interest spread discourages savings and investments, on the one hand, and raises concerns about the effectiveness of the bank-lending channels of monetary policy, on the other. This study examines the determinants of interest spread in Pakistan using panel data of 29 banks. The results show that the share of interest-insensitive deposits in total bank deposits is a key determinant of interest spread, whereas industry concentration has no significant impact on interest spread. Furthermore, the ongoing merger wave in the banking industry will limit the options for the savers, with adverse implications for the interest spread. We argue that to maintain a reasonably competitive environment, merger proposals may be subjected to review by an anti-trust authority.Banks, Determination of Interest Rates, Mergers, Acquisitions

Handwritten Signature Verification using Deep Learning

Every person has his/her own unique signature that is used mainly for the purposes of personal identification and verification of important documents or legal transactions. There are two kinds of signature verification: static and dynamic. Static(off-line) verification is the process of verifying an electronic or document signature after it has been made, while dynamic(on-line) verification takes place as a person creates his/her signature on a digital tablet or a similar device. Offline signature verification is not efficient and slow for a large number of documents. To overcome the drawbacks of offline signature verification, we have seen a growth in online biometric personal verification such as fingerprints, eye scan etc. In this paper we created CNN model using python for offline signature and after training and validating, the accuracy of testing was 99.70%

Banking: Interest Spread, Inelastic Deposit Supply, and Mergers

Interest spread, the difference between what a bank earns on its assets and what it pays on its liabilities, has been on an upward trend during the last few years: during 2005 the average interest spread of the banking sector has increased by 2.14 percent. An increase in the interest spread implies that either the depositor or the borrower or both stand to loose. In the context of developing economies, the lack of alternate avenues of financial intermediation aggravates the adverse impact of increase in spread.1 Interest spread also has implications for the effectiveness of the bank lending channel. For example, with a commitment to market based monetary policy, the central bank influences the yield on treasury bills (T. bill hereafter) that in turn affects the deposit and lending rates.2 The change in these rates influences the cost of capital that in turn affects the level of consumption and investment in the economy. If the pass-through of the changes in yield on T. bill rate to the deposit and lending rates is asymmetric then this changes the spread, for better or worse, depending upon the nature of asymmetry. If the increase in spread is due to lower return to depositors then this discourages savings; alternatively if it is due to higher charge on loans, investment decisions are affected. In either case the increase in spread has an adverse bearing upon the effectiveness of bank lending channel of monetary policy and has therefore important implications for the economy.....

Instrument of Managing Exchange Market Pressure: Money Supply or Interest Rate

Exchange market pressure (emp) reflects disequilibrium in money market. The traditional approaches used to examine the disequilibrium in money market include the monetary approach to balance of payments and monetary approach to exchange rate. Under the former approach the variation in foreign reserves helps restore the equilibrium while under the latter one the change in exchange rate does the needful.1 The idea of this study stems from the fact that under the managed float exchange rate regime, changes in foreign reserves or changes in exchange rate in isolation are not a sufficient guide to characterise the external account situation of an economy. For example, exchange rate depreciation can be partially avoided or at least delayed if the central bank injects foreign currency in the forex market by letting its foreign reserves deplete. Alternatively, central bank can build up foreign reserves by purchasing foreign currency from the market against domestic currency. Such intervention would curb the exchange rate appreciation demanded by fundamentals. Therefore, focus on either of the two, that is, movement in exchange rate or variation in foreign reserves, to the complete exclusion of the other, is bound to portray a misleading picture of the external account situation. Given the foregoing a composite variable, that incorporates changes in exchange rate as well as variation in foreign reserves, over a certain period, is needed to characterise the condition of external account. The requisite composite variable has been developed by Girton and Roper (1977) as ‘simple sum of exchange rate depreciation and variation in foreign reserves scaled by monetary base’. They refer to it as exchange market pressure (emp)

Purification and Characterization of Plantaricinvgw8, A Bacteriocin Produced by Lactobacillus Plantarum VGW8

PlantaricinVGW8, a bacteriocin produced by Lactobacillus plantarum VGW8 was purified by two steps method including extraction with n-butanol followed by gel filtration chromatography on Sepharose 6B column, the results showed that the specific activity was 10666.67AU/mg protein with 13.067purification folds and 12% recovery yield. Plantaricin VGW8 was characterized and the results showed that the molecular weight of it was 14400 Dalton by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Plantaricin VGW8 activity was stable at pH values (3-9) but 50% of its activity was lost at (2 and 10) pH values, and whole activity was lost at extreme alkali pH values(11 and 12).Also, plantaricin VGW8 showed high thermostability at different temperatures (20- 100)°C for (10,30 and 60)min, it remained active after being treated with (20- 80)°C for the periods above, but it retained only 50% of its activity after treatment at 100°C for one hour and autoclaving treatment (121°C/ 15 min).Also, the results showed that the activity of plantaricin VGW8 disappeared when it treated with proteolytic enzymes (pepsin, trypsin and papain), whereas it retained whole activity when treated with lipase, lysozyme and ?-amylase, indicating pure proteinaceous nature of purified plantaricin. As well as, treatment of plantaricin VGW8 with organic solvents (chloroform, acetonitrile, diethyl ether, ethanol, methanol, isopropanol, toluene and ethyl acetate), surfactants (tween 80, tween 20, triton X-100, SDS, EDTA and urea) and the metal ions: Na, K, Ca, Ba, Zn and Fe, showed no effect of these treatments on the activity of plantaricin VGW8, while treatment with Mn and Mg reduced its activity to the half. In conclusion, the characteristics of plantaricin VGW8 are promising for application of it in the food production processes as food preservative instead of chemicals food preservatives. Keywords: purification of plantaricin, Lactobacillus plantarum, plantaricin activity, characterization of plantaricin